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The Summa Contra Gentiles is not merely the only complete summary of Christian doctrine that St. Thomas has written, but also a creative and even revolutionary work of Christian apologetics composed at the precise moment when Christian thought needed to be intellectually creative in order to master and assimilate the intelligence and wisdom of the Greeks and the Arabs. In the Summa Aquinas works to save and purify the thought of the Greeks and the Arabs in the higher light of Christian Revelation, confident that all that had been rational in the anc
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Book ID Asin: 0268016887
Book Title: Summa Contra Gentiles: Book Three: Providence: Part II
Book Author: St. Thomas Aquinas
Book Format and Price:
Book Format Name: Paperback
Book Format Price: $29.00
Book Price: $29.00
Book Category: Books, Religion & Spirituality, Religious Studies and unknown
Book Rating: 9 ratings
Summa Contra Gentiles: Book Three: Providence: Part II by St. Thomas Aquinas Book Review
Name: csutherlan
Rating: 5.0 out of 5 stars
Title: Aquinas Summa Contra Gentiles III, [ii]
Date: Reviewed in the United States on June 26, 2009
Review: Aquinas is a very readable theologian/philosopher. His topics are seriously chosen, but well explored. This book is suitable for student, scholar, or readers with general interests.
Name: Steven H Propp
Rating: 5.0 out of 5 stars
Title: THE THIRD VOLUME (Pt. II) OF THOMAS’S PHILOSOPHICAL MATERWORK
Date: Reviewed in the United States on December 14, 2019
Review: Thomas Aquinas (‘Thomas of Aquino’; i.e., present-day Lazio, Italy;1225-1274) was an extremely influential Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, theologian and Doctor of the Church. The title, ‘Summa Contra Gentiles’ basically means, ‘Summation against the Unbelievers’; it is his defense of Catholic Christianity against non-Christians. (He often cites Aristotle, who he refers to as ‘The Philosopher,’ as well as the Muslim philosopher Ibn Rushd [known as ‘Averroes’ in the West], who Thomas calls ‘the Commentator.’)
He explains, “If God foresees that this event will be, it will happen… But it will occur in the way that God foresaw that it would be. Now, he foresaw that it would occur contingently. So, it follows that, without fail, it will occur contingently and not necessarily.” (Pg. 56-57; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 94)
He points out, “just as the immutability of providence does not impose necessity on things that are foreseen, so also it does not suppress the value of prayer. For prayer is not established for the purpose of changing the eternal disposition of providence, since this is impossible, but so that a person may obtain from God the object he desires.” (Pg. 58; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 95)
He states, “just as speculative reason starts from some principle and proceeds through intermediaries to the intended conclusion, so does operative reason start from something that is first, and go through certain intermediaries to the operation, or to the product of the operation, which is intended. But the principle in speculative matters is the form and THAT WHICH IS; while in operative matters it is the end, which at times is the form, at other times something else. Also, the principle in speculative matters must always be necessary, but in operative matters it is sometimes necessary and sometimes not.” (Pg. 70; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 97)
He acknowledges, “Sometimes, indeed, though rarely, an event occurs in a different way, either due to a defect in the power of an agent, or to the unsuitable condition of the matter, or to an agent with greater strength---as when nature gives rise to a sixth finger on a man. But the order of providence does not fail, or suffer change, because of such an event. Indeed, the very fact that the natural order, which is based on things that happen in most cases, does fail at times is subject to divine providence. So, if by means of a created power it can happen that the natural order is changed from what is usually so to what occurs rarely---without any change of divine providence---then it is more certain that divine power can sometimes produce an effect, without prejudice to its providence, apart from the order implanted in natural things by God. In fact, He does this at times to manifest His power.” (Pg. 78-79; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 99)
He suggests, “Now, there are various degrees and orders of these miracles. Indeed, the highest rank among miracles is held by those events in which something is done by God which nature never could do… And even among these an order may be observed. For the greater the things that God does are, and the more they are removed from the capacity of nature, the greater the miracle is. Thus, it is more miraculous for the sun to reverse its course than for the sea to be divided.” ()g 82; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 101)
He argues, “a morally well-disposed intellect should not be the associate of, and provide protection for, scoundrels, while having nothing to do with the best men. Now, evil men often make use of these arts… Men do not make any progress by means of these arts in the goods of reason which are the sciences and the virtues, but, rather, in certain least import things, such as the finding of stolen goods and the catching of thieves, and such things. Therefore, the intellectual substances with whose aid these arts are exercised are not well disposed in relation to virtue… Moreover, some deception and irrationality are observable in the practices of these arts. In fact, arts of this kind need a man who is not engrossed in sexual matters, yet they are often used to arrange illicit affairs.” (Pg. 98; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 106)
He observes, “It is evident that every lawmaker intends to direct men by means of laws toward his own end, principally. Thus, the leader of an army intends victory and the ruler of a state intends peace. But the end which God intends is God Himself. Therefore, the divine law principally looks to the ordering of man towards God.” (Pg. 124; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 115)
He asserts, “Not… should it be deemed a slight sin for a man to arrange for the emission of sem*n apart from the proper purpose of generating and bringing up children, on the argument that it is either a slight sin, or none at all, for a person to use a part of the body for a different use than that to which it is directed by nature… because man’s good is not much opposed by such inordinate use. However, the inordinate emission of sem*n is incompatible with the natural good, namely, the preservation of the species. Hence, after the sin of homicide whereby a human nature already in existence is destroyed, this type of sin appears to take next place, for by it the generation of human nature is precluded.” (Pg. 146; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 122)
He advises, “it is naturally right for the body and the lower powers of the soul to be so managed by man that thereby his activity of reason, and his good, are least hindered and are, instead, helped. But, if it happens otherwise, the result will naturally be sinful. Therefore, drinking bouts and feastings, and inordinate sexual activities through which rational activity is hindered, and domination by the passions which do not permit free judgment of reason---these are naturally evil things.” (Pg. 164; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 129)
He observes, “In fact, earthly possessions are the source of worry, both in regard to taking care of their revenues and in regard to their protection against frauds and attacks. Moreover, the larger they are, the more people are required to take care of them… And thus, in this say, the very purpose of voluntary poverty vanishes, at least in regard to the many men who must concern themselves with the management of the possessions.” (Pg. 170-171; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 132)
He notes, “There is still a third way of living: that is for those who practice voluntary poverty to live from the labor of their hands… As a matter of fact, manual labor is necessary for the support of life… Now, it seems foolish for a man to give away what is needed and then to work to get it again. If, then, it is necessary after the adoption of voluntary poverty again to acquire by manual labor that by which a man may support himself, it was useless to give up all that he had for the support of life… Therefore, to live by the labor of one’s hands does not seem to be suitable to the intention of those embracing voluntary poverty.” (Pg. 171; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 132-133)
He continues, “Then, there is still a fourth way of living: that is, the followers of voluntary poverty may live on the goods which are offered them by others… And it seems that our Lord and His disciples practiced this way of life… However, even this way of life does not seem proper. For it does not seem reasonable for a person to part with his own goods and then live off another man.” (Pg. 173; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 132) Later, he adds, “Moreover, the counsel of voluntary poverty was given in order that man’s mind might be withdrawn from solicitude for earthly things and more freely devoted to God. But this way of living by begging requires a great deal or solicitude; in fact, there seems to be greater solicitude involved in getting things from others than in using what is one’s own.” (Pg. 175; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 132) He concludes, “solicitude for the means of living is not to be rejected entirely.” (Pg. 177)
He observes, “just as it was not expedient for every man to abstain from matrimony, so also it is not a good thing to do so at all times, if the increase of the race requires matrimony: whether because of a lack of men, as in the beginning when the human race began to multiply; of because of the small number of the faithful… Thus, the counsel of practicing perpetual continence was reserved to the New Testament, when the faithful are multiplied by a spiritual generation.” (Pg. 195; Bk. 3/II, Ch, 136)
He states, “man cannot merit divine help in advance. For everything is related as matter to what is above it. Now, matter does not move itself to its own perfection; rather, it must be moved by something else. So, man does not move himself so as to obtain divine help which is above him; rather, he is moved by God to obtain it… we make such progress by good works because we are preceded by divine help.” (Pg. 228; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 149)
He says, “So, since man’s operations must become perfect as a result of sanctifying grace… it is necessary for the love of God to be established in us through this grace… Thus, it is clear that grace, which directs us to the final divine vision, causes the love of God in us.” (Pg. 235; Bk. 3/II, Ch. 151)
This book will be “must reading” for anyone seriously studying Medieval philosophy and theology, or Catholic philosophy in general.
Name: Rachel Simmons
Rating: 5.0 out of 5 stars
Title: Structure of "Summa Contra Gentiles"
Date: Reviewed in the United States on August 25, 2002
Review: Thomas Aquinas was an extraordinarily systematic thinker and writer. Because of this, one of the best ways to comprehend "Summa Contra Gentiles" is through consideration of its structure. At the highest level, it consists of 4 books, with the third book in two parts, on account of its length.
The titles of the five volumes are as follows:
Summa Contra Gentiles: God
Summa Contra Gentiles: Creation
Summa Contra Gentiles: Providence, Part I
Summa Contra Gentiles: Providence, Part II*
Summa Contra Gentiles: Salvation
Each volume is formally divided into about 100 short chapters. A typical chapter gets its title from some proposition that is to be affirmed, or in some cases refuted. Each paragraph is an argument in support (or denial) of that proposition. The chapters are themselves ordered so that the later chapters build on what the arguments in the earlier chapters have established, and it is this arrangement of chapters that constitutes the real structure of "Summa Contra Gentiles".
Although in his later "Summa Theologica", Thomas formalized the higher-level structure of his writing, he did not do so here, which somewhat complicates any presentation of this structure - the book titles are so high level that they give little feel of the work, and the chapter titles so numerous that the reader is easily overwhelmed by a list of them.
In order to give the reader some sense of the overall work, I've prepared an outline of the work that (hopefully) is short enough to be readily comprehensible and long enough to give the reader an understanding of what topics are covered and in what order. This outline is presented below:
1.0 Summa Contra Gentiles: God
1.1 Intention of the Work (1 - 2)
1.2 Truths of Reason and Revelation (3 - 9)
1.3 That God Exists (10 - 13)
1.4 That God is Eternal (14 - 20)
1.5 God's Essence (21 - 28)
1.6 That God is Known (29 - 36)
1.7 That God is Good, One and Infinite (37 - 44)
1.8 God's Intellect and Knowledge (44 - 71)
1.9 God's Will (72 - 96)
1.10 God's Life and Beatitude (97 - 102)
2.0 Summa Contra Gentiles: Creation
2.1 Purpose of the Work (1 - 5)
2.2 That God is the Creator of All Things (6)
2.3 God's Power Over His Creation (7 - 29)
2.4 For and Against the Eternity of the World (30 - 38)
2.5 The Distinction of Things (39 - 45)
2.6 Intellectual Substances (46 - 55)
2.7 The Intellect, the Soul and the Body (57 - 78)
2.8 Immortality of Man's Soul (79 - 82)
2.9 Origin of Man's Soul (83 - 89)
2.10 On Non-human (Angelic) Intellects (90 - 101)
3.0 Summa Contra Gentiles: Providence (Parts I and II)
3.1 Prologue (1)
3.2 Good, Evil, and God as the End of All Things (2 - 25)
3.3 Human Felicity (26 - 63)
3.4 How God's Providence Works (64 - 94)
3.5 Prayer and Miracles, Magic and Demons (95 - 110)
3.6 Rational Creatures and Divine Law (111 - 130)
3.7 Voluntary Poverty and Continence (131 - 138)
3.9 Rewards and Punishments (139 - 147)
3.10 Sin, Grace, and Predestination (148 - 163)
4.0 Salvation
4.1 Forward (1)
4.2 The Trinity (2 - 16)
4.3 The Incarnation (27 - 55)
4.4 The Sacraments (56 - 78)
4.5 The Resurrection (79 - 97)
-
* in searching for Part II of "Providence" in Amazon's book catalog, be sure to search by the full title, or the search results may just return part I.